Introduction & Objective: Varicocele is often mentioned as a common cause of testicular atrophy. The aim of this study was to evaluate varicocele-related testicular atrophy with Duplex sonography.Materials & Methods: Seventeen patients with testicular atrophy due to varicocele were included into the study.Results: Echogenisity of the atrophic testis was homogeneous. Mean peak systolic velocities (PSV) in intratesticular arteries for atrophic and normal testes were 5.57±2.03 cm/s and 6.49±1.37 cm/s, respectively. The difference was not significant (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Varicocele-related testicular atrophy is not associated with testicular parenchymal heterogeneity, and does not affect the intra-testicular and testicular arterial PSV.

Introduction: One of the main outcomes of surgical operation is deep vein thrombosis (D.V.T). Because of the risky and dangerous outcomes of D.V.T such as pulmonary emboli, the prevention of D.V.T is important. In surgical operations, venous stasis resulting from the immovability of patient can cause D.V.T. Pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery is important, supposing that it can intensify and aggravate D.V.T initiation. In this investigation, medicinal prevention from D.V.T by heparin in low dose has been studied.Materials & Methods: In the present study, 103 patients who were under laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgical operation were randomly divided into two groups; heparin receivers (N=48) and non-heparin receivers (N=55) group. The patients of the first group were received heparin (5000 unit) about two hours prior to surgery and then every 12 hours after surgery until the patients were dismissed. Ultrasonography was carried out for all patients in 3 stages; prior to surgical operation, the first day after surgical operation, and day seven after surgical operation. The chi-square test was used to statistically analyze of data.Results: There was no statistical difference between two groups with regard to age, gender, height, weight, BMI, duration of operation, the length of time confined to bed, cigarette consumption and OCP usage. D.V.T was not observed in the ultrasonographies that were performed for the patients in both the test and control group. In addition, prophylactic heparin did not produce any complications.Conclusion: Since no D.V.T case was observed in both groups, it is not possible to reject the influence of heparin from prevention of D.V.T and the intensifier effect of pneumoperitoneum on D.V.T It is possible that the reduction of operation time, pneumoperitoneum, bedriddancy on operative table, venous stasis, admission and early mobilization of patient have a preventive effect on D.V.T. These factors have more important influence than the intensifier effect of pneumoperitoneum from prevention of D.V.T. In addition, heparin can use in prophylactic dose without any complications.

Background: Multislice computed tomography (CT) angiography is a robust imaging method for noninvasive assessment of coronary artery diseases، which is associated with high radiation dose. Having knowledge of the various parameters used to estimate the dose plays an important role in increasing the understanding of dose delivered to patients and help operators and technologist to reduce the dose. In this research، the amounts of Weighted Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIW) for coronary CT angiography exams were measured in Isfahan city, IranMethods: To calculate the dose، an ionization chamber (Piranha، X-ray Analyzer، RTI Electronics and Sweden) and acrylic body phantom were used. Common conditions of coronary CT angiography used in two centers were applied for this project. Finally, CTDIW of all the SCANs were calculated using the related formulation.Findings: The amount of mean CTDIW for calcium score exams in Sina and Alzahra hospitals were 0.468±0.190 and 2.354±0.610 mGy, respectively (P = 0.007); and for coronary CT angiography SCANs in Sina and Alzahra hospitals were 6.221±1.290 and 5.299±0.840 mGy, respectively (P=0.860).Conclusion: CTDIW for the calcium score was significantly different in the two centers، but there was not significant difference in the two centers for coronary CT angiography SCANs. In this study، the amount of CTDIW was much lower than the measured in other centers. Since SCAN parameters have an important effect on the dose value، training and precision of technologist result in dose reduction and patient radiation protection.

Background and Objective: Prostate cancer is currently the second most common cancer among men worldwide. Given the prevalence of this disease and the costs imposed on society for its diagnosis and treatment, awareness of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and factors influencing their outcomes is of particular importance. Materials and Methods: This prospective study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc- PSMA SCAN and 99mTc-MDP Bone SCAN in 40 patients with prostate cancer and bone metastases. The study was conducted between 2020 and 2023, and the results were compared based on the tissue differentiation of cancerous tissues. Results: Data analysis revealed that the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc- PSMA SCAN and 99mTc-MDP Bone SCAN for grade groups 1-5 ranged from 95.4% to 100% and 95.4% to 100%, respectively. However, none of the results were statistically significant. Specifically, the 99mTc- PSMA SCAN demonstrated diagnostic accuracy percentages of 100%, 98.7%, 96.1%, 96.6%, and 95.4%, respectively, for grade groups 1 to 5. Similarly, the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-MDP Bone SCAN for grade groups 1 to 5 was 100%, 96.3%, 98.7%, 96.6%, and 95.4%, respectively. Conclusion: The statistical analysis of the data suggests that tissue differentiation of prostate cancer does not impact the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc- PSMA SCAN and 99mTc-MDP Bone SCAN. Moreover, the Gleason score of tissue samples did not affect the differentiation of cancerous tissues by the SCANs. Therefore, the findings suggest that 99mTc- PSMA SCAN and 99mTc-MDP Bone SCAN can provide accurate diagnostic results for prostate cancer patients with bone metastases, regardless of the tissue differentiation or Gleason score.

CT-SCAN is commonly used for diagnostic purposes. It is occasionally used for invasive therapeutic procedures. Patient immobility is required during each exposure to produce a high-quality image. For patients who are or unable to control their movements, specially in children, sedation or even anesthesia may be required. The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to determine the efficacy, safety and adverse events of two general anesthesia methods. One hundred children 10 days to 84 months of age scheduled for CT-SCANning were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Halothane or thiopental. Induction of anesthesia was done with halothane or thiopental. At induction and during the procedure oxygen satura ???? (SP02) and Pulserate (PR) was monitored. The sex, age, weight, preinduction SP02 and PR had nonsignificant differences. The thiopental group showed significantly less mean induction time and longer mean recovery time and more oral feeding time than the halothane group. Rate, frequency and duration of SP02 reduction in the thiopental group were significantly less than the halothane group. It was concluded that each method was safe and effective for remote pediatric anesthesia. Inhalation is superior in small children and neonates due to difficult access to IV line and the thiopental method is supperior than halothane in older cmldren (due to more SP02 reduction by inhalation anesthesia and easy access to IV line).

The inflammatory changes of paranasal sinus (PNS) mucosa or sinusitis are among the most common inflammatory diseases of the human body. Diagnosis of sinusitis is based on clinical findings. Sinusitis could be clinically presented as acute and chronic entities which these can only be differentiated from each other on the basis of the duration of the patient’s symptoms and signs, and the imaging cannot be useful for this differentiation.The major role of imaging for the evaluation of PNS is determination of the main sinuses involved, the extension of the involvement, chronic sinusitis complications such as mucocele, polyposis and retention cysts, interventions (functional endoscopic sinus surgery, FESS) and acute sinusitis related complications such as intracranial abscesses and osteomyelitis. As a result, whenever the response of the patient’s symptoms and signs to correct and sufficient medical treatment is not desirable, imaging modalities could be practical and gain their importance.The main imaging modalities which are applicable for PNS evaluation consist of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography SCAN (CT SCAN), each with its own specific applications. MRI is useful for intracranial complications of acute sinusitis such as brain abscesses and CT SCAN is useful for acute sinusitis related bony structure lesions such as erosions, lysis and osteomyelitis. Both CT SCAN and MRI can be useful for the diagnosis of mucocele, polyposis and retention cyst which are the main complications of chronic sinusitis.CT SCANning in coronal sections is very useful for the evaluation of the osteomeatal complex (OMC). It is the imaging modality of choice before performing FESS. Evaluation after performing FESS can also be done by means of PNS CT SCANning, for instance the degree of obstruction recanalisation and FESS-related complications such as orbital hematoma.Common PNS anatomic variations such as nasal septum deviation, pneumatized middle turbinate (concha bullosa), bulla ethmoidalis and extension of anterior ethmoidal cells within the lacrimal bone (agger nasi cell) can also easily be evaluated by this imaging modality, which are considered as major anatomic causes of OMC obstruction and obstruction-related chronic sinusitis.In conclusion, the diagnosis of sinusitis is based on clinical findings. Imaging is not for the diagnosis of sinusitis and it is only applicable for sinusitis and FESS-related complications. MRI is the best imaging modality for intracranial complications of acute sinusitis. Both MRI and CT SCANning almost have the same diagnostic accuracy for chronic sinusitis-related complications.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for detecting vulnerabilities in SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) networks. We focused our studies on the detection of SIP DoS related vulnerabilities in VoIP infrastructures because of their generalization. We try to find weaknesses in SIP enabled entities that an attacker by exploiting them is able to attack the system and affect it. This framework is provided by the concept of penetration testing and is designed to be flexible and extensible, and has the capability to customize for other similar session based protocols. To satisfy the above objectives, the framework is designed with five main modules for discovery, information modeling, operation, evaluation and report. After setting up a test-bed as a typical VoIP system to show the validity of the proposed framework, this system has been implemented as a SIP vulnerability SCANner. We also defined appropriate metrics for gathering the performance statistics of SIP components. Our test-bed is deployed by open-source applications and used for validation and also evaluation of the proposed framework. The main contributions of this paper are its non-destructive manner in identifying vulnerabilities and incorporating the penetration testing ideas and steps in the overall architecture of our framework. We also defined appropriate metrics that help us to identify vulnerabilities in a black box penetration testing.